MerabBeraia^*1,Guram Beraia²

1. Institute of Clinical Medicine,Tbilisi, Georgia.

2. Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia

^*Corresponding author:MerabBeraia, Institute of Clinical Medicine,Tbilisi, Georgia

Abstract

Blood flow acceleration increases from the left ventricular outflow tract, to the sinotubular junction and the ascending aorta, while it decreases in Valsalva sinuses due to the flow turbulences and increased diameter of the vessel. Energy of the pulse wave in the arterioles is up to 7.2 times higher, than in the ascending aorta, while it must be low due to the energy dissipation in the viscous flow, with the distance from the heart.Purpose of the study is to identify the additional possible energy source, for the blood flow.Methods and materials: 12 healthy volunteer students (male) underwent echocardiography, ECG gated MRI of the heart for the visualization intracavitary flow in the ventricles, MR Angiography of the aorta. Blood flow velocities and acceleration were studied in the different sites of the heart and the aorta.Blood radiodensity (HU) were studied (CT) in different sites of the aorta and vena cava.Results: With the DU in the left ventricular outflow tract blood acceleration is 1430±120 cm/sec2, in the sinotubular junction and ascending aorta 2395±195cm/sec2, at the aortic arch 1390±225cm/sec2, isthmus of aorta 2180±135cm/sec2, middle thoracic aorta1260±140m/sec2. With the MRI(TrueFisp. Mean curve), blood acceleration from the left ventricular outflow tract to the sinotubular junction is 3.5±0.3 times higher and to the ascending aorta 2.5±0.2 times higher. Systolic blood pressure from the ascending aorta to the femoral and saphenous elastic arteries enhancing 1.3±0.1 times, increasing energy transmitted to the blood.Blood flow acceleration is coincident with the ECG-T wave. Direction of the negative charge at the heart’s ventricles from the circulating erythrocytes and in the fibers of the Purkinje (ecg), mathematically are coincident.Blood radiodensity decreases from the proximal large vessels to the peripheral.Conclusion: Availability of the heart, as the possible single tool for the blood flow, looks imperfect. Electric oscillate field from the heart dipoles can be impact to the erythrocytes forming the modulated naturally ultrasound vibration and associated with it colloid vibration current propagating distally to the all cell membranes.Blood motion in the heart chambers, arteries and veins has the additional basis: rotating blood particles in the heart chambers and in the arterial branching sites, with the concomitant oscillating electric field (ECG) forms electromagnetic repulsing force, providing to the arterial blood flow. At the straight flow in the inertial system, magnetic field facilitates to the repulsion of the arterial blood and attraction of the venous. Electromagnetism affects gas exchange in the systemic and pulmonary capillaries. Modulating ac electric field, transmitting by the oscillate blood particles, besides the flow, creates additional energy/signal source, enabling the spontaneous chemical reactions proceed across the cell membranes.

Introduction

Now is accepted, that the driving force in the circulatory system is the heart and the vascular system provides the blood to circulate in the vessels with the different functions. The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus (16th century BCE). The true history of the development of the blood circulation theory begins from the classical views of Galen, through the Islamic Golden Age, and up to William Harvey with his groundbreaking and accurate description about how the heart pumped blood throughout the body [1]. The basic provisions are unchanged for centuries.

Humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system. Blood flow through the vessel is determined by two factors: the pressure difference between the two ends of the vessel and the resistance of the vessel to blood flow. Blood circulation in the heart and vasculature are regulated by the neural autonomic and humoral factors. Flow always directed from the high, towards the low pressure. Arterial branching, flow turbulence and viscosity are the natural resistive factors for the blood flow. High mean arterial pressure is a result of two factors: the large volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta and the low compliance of the arterial wall. In the arterioles and the capillaries, pressure decreases for two reasons: frictional resistance to the flow and filtration of the fluid out of the capillaries [2].

Taking ahead the above mentioned, can be noted some controversial facts:mBlood flow acceleration 2.4-3.5 times increases from the left ventricular outflow tract, to the sinotubular junction and the ascending aorta, while it must be decreasing due to the flow turbulences in the Valsalva sinuses and increased diameter of the vessel. Energy of the pulse wave in the arteriolesis up to 7.2 times higher, than in the ascending aorta, while it must be low due to the energy dissipation with the distance from the heart.Closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves must be caused by the pressure gradient across the valve, but at the moment of closing, pressure difference do not noted.

Ejected blood volume (75ml) for the 0.8 sec. in the wave form propagates across the vessels with the length about 105km, while the heart power is only 1-2 Watt [3].For the explaining the problem, we need to look for non-ordinary solving the “contradictions” in the biological processes, with the study the results by the fundamentals of the physics and chemistry.

Methods and Materials

12 healthy volunteer students (male) underwent echocardiography DU, ECG gated MRI of the heart for the visualization intracavitary flow in the ventricles and in –flowenhancementinTrueFispMRI[4]. MR Angiography (PC) of the aorta. Blood flow velocity and accelerationwere studied in the different sites of the heartand the aorta.Blood radiodensity (HU) were studied (CT) in different sites of the aorta and vena cava.

Results

With the DU in the left ventricular outflow tract blood acceleration is 1430±120 cm/sec2, in the sinotubular junction and ascending aorta 2395±195cm/sec2, at the aortic arch 1390±225cm/sec2, isthmus of aorta 2180±135cm/sec2, middle thoracic aorta1260±140m/sec2 (Figure1). With the MRI, blood acceleration from the left ventricular outflow tract to the sinotubular junction is 3.5±0.3 times higher and to the ascending aorta 2.5±0.2 times higher (Figure 2).

Systolic blood pressure from the ascending aorta to the femoral and saphenous elastic arteries enhancing 1.3±0.1 times, increasing energy transmitted to the blood.Blood flow acceleration is coincident with the ECG wave. Direction of the negative charge at the heart’s ventricles from the circulating erythrocytes and in the fibers of the Purkinje (ecg), mathematically are coincident.Blood radiodensity (HU) from distal aorta (A) and vena cava (VC) increases towards to the heart. Blood radiodensity decreases from the ascending aorta (57.3 ± 3.5 HU) to the distal thoracic aorta (25.7 ± 3.1 HU) and increases from the distal inferior vena cava 75.8 ± 17.7HU. to the proximal vena cava 139.9± 25.7 HU (149.9±27.5 HU in the right atrium) (Figure 3).Increasing of the blood radio density in the proximal large vessels indicates increasing in compactness of the blood and inertialy of the system, owing to the forming of the erythrocyte columns and decreasing of the entropy [5].

Figure 3 Investigation of the blood radiodensity (HU) in different sites of aorta (A) and vena cava (VC) (increases towards to the heart). Increasing of the blood radio density in proximal large vessels indicates increasing in compactness and inertial of the blood, owing to the forming of the erythrocyte columns anddecreasing of the entropy.

Discussion

Energy for the blood displacement is forming by the heart work. In physics, work is defined as a force causing the displacement of the object. Amount of the force tothe per unit of the area, perpendicular to the surface of the object is a pressure [6].

P= – F/A(1). p – Pressure, F – magnitude of the normal force opposite to the pressure, A – area of the surface on contact.Since a system under pressure has the potential to perform work on its surroundings, pressure is a measure of potential energy stored per unit volume.

P= work/volume =energy/volume. Work for the blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure (P) and volume (V) of the displaced mass.

W=P x V(2). With the mathematical analysis can be evokes doubt about the correctness of an idea, that the cardiac muscle force is the only moving tool for the blood flow.

Work of the left ventricle in the systole W=1.33.104(Pa) x 7.5.10-5m3 = 1J.

At the ejection from the heart, blood stroke volume circulates through the human body. Energy transferred to the bloodby the heart at the beat must be about 2J [3]. Blood mean driving force in the vascular system (without energy dissipation in the viscous flow) must be F=W/d (d-displacement) =2J : 108m ≤ 2.10-8N.

From the other hand, the cross-sectional area of a single capillaryA= π(3.0 x 10^-6 m)²= 2.83 x 10^-11m². Hydrostatic pressure forcein the single capillaryF= P x A = 4.66.10³(Pa) x 2.83 x 10^-11m² = 13.19 x 10^-8N. I.e. hydrostaticmean drivingforce in the single capillary is about 6.6 times higher to the force made by the heart. The driving force in the large arteries is many times higher.

With the equation (1), if the pressure in the arterial system, from the aorta to the systemic capillaries was be constant and particle interaction was only elastic, then the force to the area of systemic capillaries must be 800-1000 times higher (due to the 800-1000 times increased surface area -Pascal’s principle). But the pressure in the arterial end of the systemic capillary is 2.86 times low (35mmHg), than the mean pressure at the ascending aorta (100mmHg). It means that the force increment at the area of the all capillaries will be 350 times higher than the force formed by the heart. The volumetric displacement of the blood in the capillaries is about 100 times lower than in the ascending aorta (diameter of ascending aorta is 33mm [7] cross sectional area 8.55cm2). Blood displacement in ascending aorta at the systolic stroke ejection (75ml) is about 87.7mm. Red blood cell displacement in the systemic capillaries at the same time is 0.8-1mm. [8]. So the work made by the left ventricle, at least 3.5 times lower to the work for the blood displacement, in the systemic capillaries. Due to the viscous flow and structural rearrangement of the blood, energy dissipates and there must be energy loss before the entering in the systemic capillaries. It seems, that in the arterial system the law of conservation of energy is “not satisfied”.

Stroke volume displacement in wave form of the of the blood volume (artery+vena) in the systemic vessels is more than 30 times higher than that in the initial ascending aorta (displacement ~ 300cm, when height of the body is 170cm). Herewith, mean pressure in systemic circulation is 2 times low (50mmHg), than at the ascending aorta. If excluded energy dissipation at the blood flow (heat, structural and functional rearrangement), then the work done for the blood displacement in systemic vessels (equation 2) is, at least, 15 times higher than it made by the left ventricle.

Systolic blood pressure is amplified when moving from the aorta to the periphery. The amplification of the pressure pulse wave in the large elastic and smaller conduit arteries is associated with changes in the magnitude of each harmonic component of the wave. The augmentation pressure corresponds to that part of the pulse pressure which is attributed to the summation of the reflected wave [9.10]. But energy source for the initial and reflected waves is the heart, and the sum of the energy must be decreasing due to the wave attenuation at the propagation, reflection and refraction.

From the equation (2) at the increase the pressure, with the constant volume, increases energy transmitting to the blood. Typically, the diastolic and mean pressures changes little across the arterial tree. Systolic blood pressure from the ascending aorta to the femoral and saphenous elastic arteries gradually increases 1.3 times. Work made in the elastic arteries, at the blood displacement in systole, must be higher, than the work in the ascending aorta (blood volume in aorta and the elastic arteries is the same – about 300ml). Energy in systole accumulates as the elastic deformation of the vessel wall and structural rearrangement of the blood.

Total energy (E)associated with a wavelength in the arteries can be calculated E=0.5µω²A²υ

µ-mass per unit of the length, ω-angular frequency, A-wave amplitude, υ – pulse wave velocity.

From the aorta to the elastic arteries pulse wave velocity, pressure amplitude and the mass per unit length are increases. Pulse pressure oscillations in the arterioles of the different arterial branches (maximum distance from the heart 1.5m), according to the high wave length (about 13-38m), are in almost in the same phase. Pulse wave velocity from the ascending aorta to the arterioles can be increases up to 2-3 times [11.12.13]. At the same blood volume in the aorta and the arterioles (2% of the blood volume), increasing in surface area in arterioles in 15 times, decreases the displacement, while the mass per length will be increases 15 times. Pressure amplitude decreases 2.5 times from 100mmHg to 40mmHg. I.e. energy increment in all arterioles must be up to 3: 6.3 x 15 ≤ 7.2 times higher than is in the ascending aorta.

Energy of the arterial pulse is dissipates in the viscous flow, forming structural changes of the blood. Degree of the changes can be expressed by the Womerslay’s number, which shows relation between the transient inertial force and the viscous force. From the aorta to the arteries it decreases – 2.5 times, to the arterioles -28.9 times, to the capillaries – 55.9 times [14]. Blood is thixotrophic substance and after the shaking, fluidity/entropy is increases.

So, the heart’s mechanical work is insufficient for the blood distribution in the arterial circulation system, capillaries and the structural changes in the blood. Energy in the arterial blood flow continuously increases up to capillaries. Due to the “contradiction” between the theory and practical data, the solution must be non-ordinary.

Oscillating motion of the blood cells with the surface charge, plasma macro-molecules, salts with the dipoles and superposing the oscillating electric field in the form of the ECG impulse, must be providing special – electromagnetic properties of the blood flow.

Energy has different sources.Transmission of the energy by the electromagnetic wave in the universe is the common method. A wave is a disturbance in the system and propagates energy through the medium mostly without transport of the net mass.Propagation of the energy in waveform is the method for the entropy changes in the substance and creating the condition for the spontaneous chemical processes.

Electrically charged objects at the motion produce an electromagnetic field, extending indefinitely throughout the space and describes the electromagnetic interaction. The electric field is produced by stationary charges, while the magnetic field – by the accelerated charges. An electric field can be produced also by the changing magnetic field. The way in which charges and currents interact with the electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell’s equations and the Lorentz force law.

At the time of propagation of the electricity, the field is assumed as a precondition, which is present throughout the space. The electric component is considered to be in phase with the voltage and the magnetic component of the field is considered to be in phase with the current. Electromagnetic energy moves through the space, while corresponding fields, grow and decline in a region of space in response to the flow of energy.

Electromagnetic waves can be generated by the oscillating molecular dipole. Speed of electromagnetic wave is the properties of the “medium” of propagation – permeability and permittivity of the substance. Electromagnetic wave propagates in the vacuum with speed of light, however in solid state or in liquids wave has the lower velocity. Velocity of the ECG signal is higher than 250 m/s [15]. Detection of magnetic fields produced by ionic currents in living tissue as well, as the better known electric fields, has been reported in the heart and the brain[16].

Electromagnetic waves generated at the propagation of the ac current in the excitable cells, is non spontaneous and each action potential needs energy from the ATP. Propagation of the action potential from the heart within the body tissues is typically represents propagation of the electromagnetic wave and it cannot be spontaneous. The heart’s total electrical activity at the any instant of time may be represented by a rotating distribution of active current dipoles. Influence of the epicardial electric field, distributes to the all body cells and also to the charged erythrocytes.

High number of the red blood cells, net charge (zeta potential), magnetic features of the hemoglobin, short life span and rapid multiplication can be associated with the high functional significance of the erythrocytes in the promotion of the electromagnetic blood flow.

In humans, approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second. The cells circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are the red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood’s volume (40% to 45%) is the red blood cells.

Velocity of the ECG wave propagation in the human body is 3 times higher than the maximum velocity of neuronal electric signal conductance. Metabolic pathway in neuron is the oxidative phosphorylation. There must be energetically faster way, for the propagation electric signal from the heart: erythrocytes do not containing mitochondria and do not use the oxygen they transport. Instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the anaerobic glycolysis. Lacking a storage compound, the normal erythrocytes must have constant access to glucose, for energy metabolism is to be sustained [17]. Anaerobic glycolysis is an effective means of energy production during short, intense exercise. The anaerobic glycolysis system is dominant from about 10–30 seconds during a maximal effort. It replenishes very quickly over this period and produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. It is only 5% of glucose energy potential. The speed at which ATP is produced is about 100 times higher, that of oxidative phosphorylation.

Red blood cells are in perpetual vibration. Those vibrations help the cells maintain their characteristic flattened oval or disc shape, which is critical to their ability to deform as they traverse blood vessels in the body to deliver oxygen to tissues.The vibrations amplitude is tiny and occurs in just milliseconds.It is present conclusive evidence that the vibrations require energy input from ATP. The researchers used diffraction phase microscopy, which quantitatively measures the vibrations in the cell membrane in real time. The optical phase delay, a measure of how much the light is delayed as it passes through the cell, changes as the membrane vibrates. They found that when ATP was depleted in red blood cells, vibrations decreased by 20 percent[18]. When ATP was reintroduced, vibrations increase back to the normal level. They also found a direct correlation between the ATP-induced alteration to membrane vibrations and the length scale of the cytoskeletal structure.

Experiments showed an ATP dependent effect by monitoring the static fluctuation amplitude of RBCs under normal and ATP-depletion conditions. It has been shown that cell mechanics highly depends on themembrane-spectrin interaction mediated by the phosphorylationof the interconnection protein 4.1R. Inhibition and activation ofphosphorylation significantly affects tension and effective viscosity[19].

Erythrocytes have different forms of motion. The “tank-treading motion”- steady membrane rotation with constant shape and inclination angle and tumbling – a rotational oscillation of the entire cell accompanied by tank treading motion, which is principally due to the cell membrane and occurs around the cell axis, has very low frequencies of about 1–5 Hz. Erythrocytes oscillate with high-frequency oscillations, during the tank-treading motion. This oscillatory motion drastically affects the dielectric and electrical properties of erythrocytes and the blood [20]. Experimental and the theoretical analysis indicate the absence of resonance frequencies in the range of 0.03-500Hz associated with the oscillations of normal human erythrocytes [21].

One of the interesting results showsmanipulation of the erythrocytes by magnetite nanoparticles in the presence of a magnetic field – periodic motion of erythrocytes between the two conducting contours, whose frequency is controlled by an electric circuit. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of non-destructive cell manipulation by magnetic nanoparticles with micrometer-scale precision.Electro-rotation of the micro particles arises, when a colloidal solution is subjected to an external ac-electric field [22.23]. It is a dielectric spectroscopy method for the characterization of dispersed colloids. The general cause of the particle rotation is a phase difference, which occurs between the electric field-induced polarization and the external rotating fields [24]. The rotation frequency (f0) could be calculated with the absolute value of the phase difference and the particle’s induced dipole moment, together with the viscosity frictional forces. In the different references there is a common intrinsic ultrasound frequency of erythrocytes, f0∼ 1.2MHz.

It can be shown, when irradiated with a laser pulse, red blood cell absorbs the optical energy and emits an ultrasonic pressure wave called a photo acoustic wave. RBCs contain large amounts of hemoglobin, a molecule capable of binding oxygen. Hemoglobin significantly absorbs visible light. Photo acoustic signal amplitude and bandwidth depend on the shape of the erythrocyte orientation to the transducer. It is higher when the erythrocyte area is perpendicular to the transducer[25].

When ultrasound propagates through the heterogeneous fluid, dispersion or emulsion, colloid vibration current and potential arises: the pressure gradient in the ultrasonic wave shears particles diffuse layer relative to the fluid and particles gain a dipole moment[26-27]. Dipole moments generate an electric field and forms measurable electric current. This phenomenon is used for measuring zeta potential in colloids.

Electric sonic amplitude and acoustic field arises when an electric wave propagates through a heterogeneous fluid: after absorbing energy, the particles rapidly increase in temperature and pressure, resulting in a thermo elastic expansion and emission of a photo acoustic wave.Herewith transmembrane transport of the substances can be facilitate by the ultrasound acoustic cavitation from the oscillating blood cells [28].

In light of the above mentioned, it can be concluded, that the electric dipole field oscillation from the heart, can be absorb by the erythrocytes and forming ultrasonic electro acoustic wave. Energy transferring by the wave is directly proportional to the oscillation frequency. Erythrocytes are in perpetual vibration. External oscillating electric field activates the ATP synthesis, with the modulation of the cell intrinsic vibration amplitude/frequency. Energy transferring by the oscillating erythrocyte in ultrasound frequency can be becomes advantage – carrier frequency is represents by the intrinsic oscillation of the erythrocytes (Figure 4).

Erythrocyte has biconcave/parabolic shape, the geometry and energetic possibility to receive and transferring directed energy: signal amplitude from the red blood cell is increases in perpendicular direction to the biconcave surface of the erythrocyte. Fluid oscillation around the erythrocytes, forms vibrating ac current and potential. Electric current generated by the heart dipole rotation can be transfered distally with the vibration of the erythrocyte as the measurable ac current – ECG (Figure 5).

Propagation of the ECG is the non spontaneous process and has energetic basis. Colloid vibration current flows from the heart to the distal direction, due to the potential difference forming with the aerobic glycolysis in the body cells.In eukaryotes electron transport chain in mitochondria produce transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient, as the result of the redox reactions and it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. At the end of the electron transport chain high electronegative oxygen atom is presents. Here free energy per electron comes to zero, while redox potential is highest. So, internal mitochondrial membrane is the end place destination of the high energy of the chemical bonding with the ATP synthesis and oxygen looks a “grounding tool” for the ECG electric circuit.

Electric field impacts the erythrocytes and the somatic cells. Pulsed, as well as oscillating electric field, were shown to influence activity of the cell membrane proteins as the ATP synthase, which is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the inner membrane of bacteria and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts[29]. Its function is to convert free energy of the proton-motive force into the chemical energy source ATP [30-31]. Amount of ATP stored in active cells is very low, only sufficient to power a few seconds worth of work. As it is broken down, ATP must therefore be regenerated and replaced quickly to allow for sustained functional activity of the cells.

At the propagation of the action potential in the cardiomyocytes, electromagnetic field must be creates. With this, moving erythrocytes in the heart ventricles, with oscillating electric field, can be affected by the Lorentz force. It closes the atrioventricular valves. The heart muscle and the Lorentz forces, works as the ejection tool in forming the blood flow (Figure 6). With the above mentioned processes, it can be understand pulseless electrical activity of the heart.

Systolic pulse initiates to the turbulent flow in the Valsalva sinuses and arterial branching flow sites. Accompanying ECG-T wave forms the ac electric current, propagating to the distal direction and increasing electromagnetic interactions at the turbulence sites. High blood acceleration is creates in the Valsalva sinuses by to the electromagnetic force (Figure 7).

Lorentz force changes the direction of the particle, but not the linear velocity. Charged particle can gain or lose translational kinetic energy from an electric field, but not from a magnetic field, because the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the particle’s linear motion. It forms the rotational force –torque.

Vortices inside the Valsalva sinuses are the major component of turbulent flow. A moving vortex carries with it angular and linear momentum, energy, and mass. Blood flow in aorta has the helicalform. It increases the accumulation of the energy in the substance.

For the point mass, kinetic energy in the linear motion is:E_k=0.5mv²

At the rotational motion:E_k=0.5mr² ω².

(m-mass, v-linear velocity, r-radius of the rotation, ω -angular velocity).

By the diagrams in the Figure 2. Figure 3 it shown, that the helical motion is initiating in the ventricular outflow tract. It changes the trajectory of the current and the angle (φ) between the magnetic field and the blood charged particle directions to 0<φ<π/2. With the entering the magnetic field, the rotational and translational kinetic energy of the blood particles in the sinotubular junction increases. The main tools for the helical blood motion are made by the a) contraction of the heart muscle and b) electromagnetic force forming from the rotational/oscillating charged erythrocytes modulated by the ECG signal.

Blood vessels are looks like the active electric circuits. Propagation of the electric field/current in the direction of the vessels is due to the micro scale of the blood cell oscillation, rotation of the oscillating particles and superposition principle of the electric fields. Oscillating electric field from the cardiac dipole forms the modulated natural ultrasound vibration of the erythrocytes, while it generates colloid vibration current, which affects the nearby erythrocytes by the oscillating electric field and so on to the distal direction and expresses as the ECG. Erythrocytes flow velocity, like the electron drift velocity in conductor is much low, than propagation of the ac electric field in the medium.

Like the Valsalva sinuses, oscillating charged particles and dipoles in the arterial bifurcation, with the presence of the electric and the magnetic fields experiences the Lorentz force. Electromagnetic repulsion of the blood particles, with the arterial pulse pressure, forms driving force for the blood circulation (Figure 8).

Increasing resistivity of the blood flow, mostly evaluating at the arterioles, dissipates energy, increases the entropy in the arterial end of the capillary and facilitates spontaneous chemical reactions across the cell membrane, in conjunction with the other systemic processes.At the venous end of the capillaries this process is altered. Here aggregation of the erythrocytes increases. This is promoted by the low blood flow velocity, decreasing the pressure oscillation, high compliance in the venous vessels and paramagnetic features of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells.

Electromagnetism can be affect gas exchange in the systemic and pulmonary capillaries due to the different affinity of the oxygen and carbon dioxide to the diamagnetic/paramagnetic hemoglobin.In the arterial blood flow, with the magnetic field, oxygenated diamagnetic hemoglobin releases oxygen, because the oxygen is paramagnetic and attracted to the magnetic field and soluble in the extracellular blood plasma. In opposite to this, in the venous blood paramagnetic hemoglobin, with the magnetic interaction, can be attracted to the oxygen.

Oscillated electric/magnetic field can be transferred by the arterial and venous blood. With this, in the arterial blood flow, oxygenated erythrocytes can be repulsed from the magnetic field and facilitates to the flow. In the venous blood magnetic field can attract erythrocytes from distal, to the proximal direction, increases blood density (rouleaux formation) and due to the system inertia, takes part in the venous blood flow (Figure 9).

High Womerslay number in the pulmonary artery against of the ascending aorta (15 against the 13.2) can be formed by the paramagnetic blood in the magnetic field.

Amount of the work (equation 2) with the each heart beat for the left ventricle is: Wl= 1J. (See above). Work for the right ventricle is 6.7 times low. (Mean pressure in the right ventricle is about 2.103Pa and displaced volume is the same, as for the left ventricle). Work for the right ventricle Wr = 0.15J.

Work done for the blood displacement in systemic vessels is, at least 15 times higher than it made by the left ventricle Ws= 15J. Herewith, additional energy also is necessary for the promotion of the endergonic reaction – deoxygenating of the oxyhemoglobin.

Mean pressure in pulmonary circulation is 6.7 times low than the systemic circulation. Displacement of the blood in the pulmonary circulation is 10 times low than in the systemic. Work done for the blood displacement in pulmonary vessels Wp=0.22J.

So the work done by the left ventricle is only 1/15 part of the work for the transporting of the blood stroke volume through the systemic vessels, while the work done by the right ventricle, is 2/3 part of the work for the transporting of the blood stroke volume through the pulmonary circulation.

Additional work of the left ventricle can be initiated by the electromagnetic force from the particles of the arterial and venous blood with the ECG wave oscillation. Energy for the flow comes from the metabolic activity of the red blood cells (Cori cycle).

In the pulmonary circulation dia/paramagnetic interactions increses the flow resistance, while repulsing electromagnetic force to the charged particles increases in the arterial bifurcations. Magnetism facilitates to the oxygenation of deoxyhemoglobin. Energy for the flow generates from the metabolic activity of the red blood cells and exergonic spontaneous chemical reaction of combustion of the deoxyhemoglobin (Gibbs free energy). In the pulmonary circulation resistance from the dia/pramageism, is low due to the shortening of the large vessels.

Here with venous blood in pulmonary artery flows with the high oscillation, increases entropy of the system, whereas oxygenated blood flows with constant low velocity in pulmonary veins to decrease gas releasing from the red blood cells. This method of blood circulation is effective in all the evolutionary range, from the fishes, to mammalians.

From the arterial and venous end of the capillaries electric current directed to the body cells, outside to the vessels.

Reactions which increases entropy and releases heat, are always be spontaneous, have a negative Gibbs free energy-∆G. [32].The Gibbs free energy (G= H-TS. H-enthalpy, S-entropy, T-temperature) of a thermodynamically closed system is a measure of the amount of usable energy that can do work in that system. Maximum energy can be extracted only in a completely reversible process.

If the ΔG<0 is an exergonic reaction, spontaneous from the left to the right side.If the ΔG=0 the state of thermodynamic equilibrium.If the ΔG>0 is an endergonic reaction, which either needs energy input from outside to run from the left to the right side of the reaction equation, or otherwise runs backwards, from the right to the left side.

Reaction endergonic in one direction, must be exergonic in the other, and vice versa. In biochemical systems, endergonic and exergonic reactions often are coupled, so the energy from one reaction can power another reaction. Typical exprssion of this processes are the gas exchanges at the pulmonary and systemic capillaries, at the arterial and venous ends of the capillaries and reactions at the cell membranes.

The reaction that is at equilibrium can no longer do any work, because the free energy of the system is as low as possible. Any change that moves the system away from equilibrium increases the system’s free energy and requires the work. This work is made by the additional electromagnetic force, coming from the blood and directed to the all living cells of the body by the activation of the ATP synthase and increasing the entropy. Modulation of the frequency and/or amplitude of the erythrocyte intrinsic vibration is required in order to convey information about ATP synthesis, and represents the ECG signal content. So, cardiovascular system, besides the other functions, promotes propagation of the electromagnetic energy/information and the blood particles are take active role in this.

Conclusion: Availability of the heart, as the possible single tool for the blood flow, looks imperfect. Electric oscillate field from the heart dipoles can be impact to the erythrocytes forming the modulated naturally ultrasound vibration and associated with it colloid vibration current propagating distally to the all cell membranes.

Blood motion in the heart chambers, arteries and veins has the additional basis: rotating blood particles in the heart chambers and in the arterial branching sites, with the concomitant oscillating electric field (ECG) forms electromagnetic repulsing force, providing to the arterial blood flow. At the straight flow in the inertial system, magnetic field facilitates to the repulsion of the arterial blood and attraction of the venous.

Electromagnetism affects gas exchange in the systemic and pulmonary capillaries. Modulating ac electric field, transmitting by the oscillate blood particles, besides the flow, creates additional energy/signal source, enabling the spontaneous chemical reactions proceed across the cell membranes.

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Received: November 29, 2018;
Accepted: December 21, 2018;
Published: December 26, 2018.

To cite this article : Beraia M, GuramBeraia G.Electromagnetic properties of the human blood circulation. Health EducPublic Health. 2018: 1:2.

© Beraia M, et al. 2018.